Training

Overtraining Syndrome Can Sabotage Performance

Originally published on HVMN.org (https://hvmn.com/blog/training/overtraining-syndrome-can-sabotage-performance) and authored by Brady Holmer on March 12, 2019

It’s two weeks away from marathon race day. Legs should feel fresh, mind should be focused, and fitness should be at an all-time high. This is what you’ve trained for the past several months, never missing a workout. It’s time for all of the hard work, dedication to diet, and mental preparation to pay off.

But things feel off. Nailing goal workouts is difficult. Running similar times requires more effort. Fatigue is chronic despite adequate rest. Muscle soreness lingers.

Taking a week off from training doesn’t help and on race day, a personal record feels impossible. You start the race with little enthusiasm, each of the 26.2 miles spent thinking about the finish line. Rather than running a fast time, the goal becomes simply to finish. The excitement of the race is gone.

These symptoms represent a classic case of “overtraining syndrome” or OTS. OTS is something that many athletes may suffer from but may know little about.

What is Overtraining Syndrome?

Training dedication is important. But if you overtrain, you may not even make it to the start line.

Overtraining and Overtraining Syndrome Defined

Operationally, overtraining is defined as a training imbalance where stress > recovery.1 When high levels of physical activity or high-intensity training are paired with inadequate rest and recovery time, performance suffers.

A separate but related condition to overtraining is known as relative energy deficiency syndrome in sport (RED-S). This syndrome results from an imbalance between dietary energy intake and expenditure. RED-S is characterized by loss of general health, proper growth, and reduced sport performance.2 Many physiological functions such as metabolism, menstrual function, bone health, immunity protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health are negatively impacted by RED-S. This syndrome may be an early precursor to full-fledged overtraining syndrome.

Short-term overtraining is reversible with a proper rest period. In overtrained athletes, a rest period of one or two weeks can reverse many symptoms and lead to a performance rebound. This distinguishes overtraining from the more severe overtraining syndrome (OTS).

Overtraining syndrome results when overtraining continues for an extended period of time; some might call it burn out.

Since OTS is more severe than overtraining, recovery time is longer. It may take a rest period of weeks or even months to reverse OTS, maybe because it’s usually coupled with other types of stress: high altitude living, training monotony, suboptimal diet, and academic, occupational, or relationship strain.

Overtraining, or Under Recovery?

For athletes, the concept of overtraining might seem odd. You understand a high training load is needed to adapt and get better (known as “supercompensation”). However, too high of a training load with too little recovery is a poor way to achieve proper gains. Recovery is when the actual training adaptations occur, not during the training session. In fact, sometimes overtraining may not even be evidence of training too much, but recovering too little.

Your Brain and Body on Overtraining

It’s well documented that mental strain can have physical impact. When the mind wears down from overtraining (or stress outside training), it can impact performance negatively.


Negative Mood States are Higher in OTS

The mental side of training and recovery are equally important as the physical. Overtraining can have wide-ranging effects on mental health and motivation, which can negatively impact day-to-day training and performance in competition.

One of the early signs of overtraining might be large emotional swings accompanied by more negative thoughts than normal. Mood changes likely occur due to alterations in endocrine hormones and changes in the nervous system.

Ultramarathoner and H.V.M.N. Athlete, Jeff Browning, has been there. He says there are a lot of puzzle pieces to running 100 miles and the mind is a big piece.

“I don’t let negative talk take root. I’ve learned to slay mental dragons by constantly switching to positive speak. That’ll give you an improvement in performance.”Jeff Browning

Overtrained athletes exhibit higher levels of negative moods like tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion. They also have lower levels of positive mood states such as vigor and motivation during training.3 One study observed that in a group of athletes suffering from chronic fatigue, 80% had levels of clinically significant depression.

Overtraining may also cause feelings of edginess with symptoms of insomnia, lack of appetite, restlessness, and sleep disturbances. This may seem counterintuitive, since overtraining is usually associated with chronic fatigue, but it likely results from a “hyper-aroused” state. A constant, high release of stress hormones characterizes sympathetic overactivity; this is one reason an elevated resting heart rate is observed in overtrained athletes.

Neuroendocrine Dysfunction

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA) regulates a majority of our body’s hormonal system. As part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), it helps respond and adapt to challenges by releasing stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline: think “fight or flight.”

Proper coordinated function of the hormonal and nervous system is critical for athletic performance, helping prepare the body for high-intensity exercise and competition by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and releasing catecholamines (hormones produced by the adrenal glands).

Overtraining syndrome causes central nervous system dysfunction; while release of stress hormones might remain high, their ability to cause the proper response in target organs is diminished. Hormones responding to exercise or low blood sugar are rendered ineffective.4,5

This is the “autonomic imbalance” hypothesis of overtraining. Sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction and insensitivity to stress hormones results in impaired performance during racing and training.6 Overtrained athletes have a harder time performing. This suggests chronic fatigue can have effects in the brain as well as the body.

High-intensity, high-volume training may also result in reduced cognitive processing speed.7 For sports and race situations requiring decision making and composure, this is dangerous.

Heart Rate Variability as a Biomarker for Overtraining

A popular biomarker for athletes to indicate recovery status, heart rate variability (HRV) might be useful to detect potential overtraining. The applications of HRV are discussed at length in a recent H.V.M.N. podcast episode: "What You Can Learn From Heart Rate Variability" ft. Jason Moore.

HRV is a measure of the variability in the time between heartbeats (the beat to beat interval) and reflects autonomic nervous system balance–the balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity. Increased HRV generally indicates a good balance, whereas a reduced HRV may indicate a shift towards greater sympathetic activity due to chronic stress and overtraining.

Along with an elevated resting heart rate, lower HRV is found in athletes who are overtrained.8 This could indicate nervous system imbalances as a result of overtraining/under recovery. Regardless, the underlying problem is too much stress.

Effects on Mental Health

A daily self assessment of mood and well-being might be able to point out a possibility of overtraining or a path toward OTS. Athletes know their bodies well, and a simple mood check-in might be a quick way to assess recovery status.

Feeling a bit off during a workout? Less motivated to train? Recognizing changes in mental state during training can indicate when to dial back the intensity or take extra recovery time.

How Overtraining Influences Performance

A heads-down training approach is something to be admired, and it’s a way many athletes train in hopes of better performance on race day. But it’s a thin line. Overtraining, and not allowing enough recovery time, can actually impair performance.

Training, Racing, and OTS

While no true biomarkers for overtraining exist, one sure sign of overtraining is “an inability to sustain intense exercise and/or a decrease in sport-specific performance.”9

In other words...you’ll suck on race day.

In the short and long term, a state of overtraining in endurance athletes has been shown to decrease time to fatigue by 27%, reduce power output by 5.4%, and increase trial time by 9.8%10,11–it kills performance measures

Along with reducing performance and work output, overtraining increases the effort required to sustain the same level of intensity: running at the same speed feels harder, lifting a lighter weight seems more difficult.

Athletes report a higher rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for the same workload when they are overtrained versus well-rested.12

While endurance athletes are often the subject of overtraining talk, it is important to realize that no athlete is immune. Overtraining syndrome has been observed in endurance athletes, strength athletes, and elite judo athletes.13,14,15

The Immune System Suffers in Overtrained Athletes

Of all the things athletes want to prevent, arriving at the starting line sick or losing training time due to illness are high on the list.

Overtraining severely impairs immune system function, leading to increased risk of illness and infection.16 Being around group of teammates or training partners in gyms, sporting facilities, and public venues only increases this risk by exposing athletes to more pathogens and infectious bacteria.

Depressed immune function and higher rate of infection are consistent findings in studies of overtrained athletes. In particular, athletes training at high volumes seem especially prone to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI),17 a viral infection of the nose, throat, and airways.

The immune system is less able to fight pathogens during overtraining16 due to a lower number of immune cells fighting bacteria. Even the most elite athletes are at risk. Olympic athletes classified as chronically fatigued are shown to have higher levels of infections leading up to the games,18 a period where they are undergoing strenuous training.

Recovery and nutrition strategies targeted at improving immune function may prevent illness during overtraining. Increasing dietary carbohydrate and intake of certain polyphenols (plant micronutrients) are effective in supporting sport19 performance and anti-viral capacity of athletes.

Preventing and Treating Overtraining Syndrome

Taking adequate recovery time to bounce back from overtraining presents a major setback, so preventing overtraining should be one of every athlete’s goals.

However, if you’re feeling overtrained or suffering symptoms of OTS, the first step is to immediately reduce training volume. This might involve low-intensity training or active recovery. In some cases, an extreme amount of rest may be necessary to prevent full-fledged overtraining syndrome from developing.

Below are some strategies to optimize recovery, prevent the onset of overtraining syndrome, and treat symptoms if you find yourself in an overtraining rut.


A Well-Planned Training Program is the Key to Success

The best way to prevent overtraining is to stick to a well designed training program. Athletes in all sports tend to overperform on the easy days and underperform on the hard days.20 Don’t make this mistake

Having a coach or a training partner to provide accountability and support throughout training can be helpful here. A support system can also keep you accountable if you need a few days off. Training partners can encourage the need to rest and remind you bigger things are down the road.

The Importance of Getting Enough Zs

The scientific literature is consistent: the body needs sleep. Inadequate sleep negatively affects areas of performance such as memory and attention, injury risk, speed, and endurance.21 Sleep is often sacrificed by athletes in favor of training or other lifestyle demands, such as travel, competition schedules and work.

Overtraining is associated with sleep disturbances.22 Athletes should pay extra attention to sleep time and sleep quality, following some key strategies to enhance sleep hygiene and promote optimal recovery.

Increase sleep duration by getting seven to nine hours of quality sleep each night (recommended for all adults).

Athletes may need even more sleep due to higher training volumes, as it’s necessary to restore mental and physical functions.

Research indicates that sleep extension improves several measure of performance in athletes.23

Sleep can treat overtraining symptoms too, and is perhaps the best recovery tool available to athletes. Take a few rest days and focus on sleep if you find yourself experiencing training fatigue.

It can help to optimize sleep environment with a cool, dark room, free of electronics and artificial light–all are shown to increase sleep quality. Adding a nutritional supplement such as Yawn from H.V.M.N. into to a sleep routine can further promote high-quality sleep. Ingredients like magnesium glycinate, L-glycine, and L-theanine promote sleep and enhance the recovery process in athletes who may need help getting some proper shut-eye.24

Fuel for Success

Optimal performance and recovery require proper fueling at every stage of training. Inadequate carbohydrate and protein intake, in addition to long term negative energy balance, impair recovery and lead to symptoms of overtraining. Even with proper planning, studies show that many athletes fail to meet a sufficient calorie intake to maintain energy balance25 and might suffer from vitamin and nutrient deficiencies.

Protein is vital for tissue restoration, muscle building, immune function, and recovery from hard training sessions. Athletes in training need more protein to support training and recovery needs. Increased protein intake can also prevent unintended loss of weight in the form of lean muscle mass.

Up to 1.7g/kg of bodyweight in protein should be consumed for athletes in a variety of disciplines such as endurance and strength training to prevent muscle breakdown and support immune system function.

Adequate intake of carbohydrates to support training intensity and promote recovery is another important factor in preventing overtraining. While low-carbohydrate diets may have a place in some programs, sufficient intake of carbohydrate to support high-volume and high-intensity training in athletes is recommended.

Studies provide evidence that less adaptation to training occurs in glycogen-depleted endurance athletes, and that symptoms of overtraining can be prevented by a high carbohydrate intake during times of high training load. Athletes consuming a high carbohydrate diet containing 8.5 g/kg of carbohydrate during a period of high training maintained better performance and mood compared to a group consuming a lower carbohydrate diet containing 5.4 g/kg throughout the same training program.26

What if you are feeling overtrained, sluggish, or in a slump? Try to eat yourself out of overtraining by increasing your calorie intake, consuming high-quality protein sources, and eating foods rich in a variety of nutrients. Energy insufficiency is often a cause of overtraining, and giving your body what it needs can get you back to training.

Track Biomarkers

Staying in touch with yourself on a day-to-day basis will let you become aware when things seem off. Take a daily mood assessment before and after training. Is your attitude or willingness to train more negative than usual?

As discussed above, heart rate variability (HRV) tracking can also let you know if you’re overtraining. Getting your blood work done to test for possible endocrine or metabolic imbalances may be a more in-depth but worthwhile assessment of training status.

Could Ketone Esters Help Prevent Overtraining?

Recently, an increasing number of athletes are experimenting with the ketogenic diet and exogenous ketones (such as H.V.M.N. Ketone) as tools to enhance endurance sport performance and recovery. Strategic use might help athletes avoid overtraining, but there is still a lot of work to be done to understand their full potential.

Early studies suggest that ketone esters might accelerate muscle replenishment.

For example, athletes who added beta-hydroxybutyrate or BHB (the ketone ester present in H.V.M.N. Ketone) to a post-workout meal, set themselves up for enhanced muscle protein synthesis, indicated by increased signaling of the growth regulator mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1).27

Another possible application for ketone esters is to help the body store carbohydrate in the muscles as glycogen. Replenishment of muscle glycogen was accelerated following ketone ester supplementation when coupled with in IV infusion of glucose.28 The jury is still out here, as another research group didn’t see the same effect on glycogen when the ketone ester was taken with a post-workout shake.27 Because of the powerful effect of ketones on the body, it’s certainly likely that adding ketone drinks to regular nutrition could boost muscle recovery.

Overtraining is a Delicate Balance

Like rain clouds in the distance, overtraining threatens any athlete in a hard training block. Dedication and overuse is a thin, looming line that many athletes don’t realize they cross until it’s too late. For many athletes, it’s probably easier to push harder than pull back.

But perspective is necessary. If you’re worried about overtraining, speak to a coach or friend and hold yourself accountable to get necessary recovery time. Learn to listen to your body for whispers of overtraining. It’s a complex scenario involving mental health, nervous system function, and physical symptoms that decrease performance in the short and long term.

Importantly–don’t beat yourself up about it. A black hole of overtraining can be a dark and lonely place, so getting help is one of the best ways to treat OTS. Be patient, recover properly, know it’s a process and take the necessary steps to try and prevent overtraining before it’s too late.

Scientific Citations

1.Kadam PD, Chuan HH. Erratum to: Rectocutaneous fistula with transmigration of the suture: a rare delayed complication of vault fixation with the sacrospinous ligament. Int Urogynecol J. 2016;27(3):505.

2.Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) Br J Sports Med 2014;48:491-497.

3.Morgan WP, Brown DR, Raglin JS, O'connor PJ, Ellickson KA. Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. Br J Sports Med. 1987;21(3):107-14

.4.Cadegiani FA, Kater CE. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Functioning in Overtraining Syndrome: Findings from Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS)-EROS-HPA Axis. Sports Med Open. 2017;3(1):45.

5.Barron JL, Noakes TD, Levy W, Smith C, Millar RP. Hypothalamic dysfunction in overtrained athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;60(4):803-6.

6.Lehmann M, Foster C, Dickhuth HH, Gastmann UWE. Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1998;30 (7), 1140-1145.

7.Hynynen E, Uusitalo A, Konttinen N, Rusko H. Cardiac autonomic responses to standing up and cognitive task in overtrained athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(7):552-8.

8.Mourot L, Bouhaddi M, Perrey S. Decrease in heart rate variability with overtraining: assessment by the Poincaré plot analysis. Wiley Online Library 2004; (24) 1, 10-18.

9.Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(1):186-205.

10.Urhausen A, Gabriel HH, Weiler B, Kindermann W. Ergometric and psychological findings during overtraining: a long-term follow-up study in endurance athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1998;19(2):114-20.

11.Halson SL, Bridge MW, Meeusen R, et al. Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during intensified training in trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(3):947-56.

12.Kreher JB. Diagnosis and prevention of overtraining syndrome: an opinion on education strategies. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:115-22.

13.Lehmann M, Gastmann U, Petersen KG, et al. Training-overtraining: performance, and hormone levels, after a defined increase in training volume versus intensity in experienced middle- and long-distance runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1992;26:233-242.

14.Fry AC, Kraemer, WJ, Lynch, JM. Does Short-Term Near-Maximal Intensity Machine Resistance Training Induce Overtraining? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 8(3):188-191, August 1994.

15.Callister R, Callister RJ, Fleck SJ. Physiological and performance responses to overtraining in elite judo athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 22(6):816-824, December 1990.

16.MacKinnon LT. Overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes. Immunology & Cell Biology, 2000. 75 (5), 502-509

17.Atias-varon D, Heled Y. [STRENUOUS AND PROLONGED EXERCISE AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION - TREATMENT OR THREAT?]. Harefuah. 2017;156(11):730-734.

18.Kingsbury KJ, Kay L, Hjelm M. Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1998. (32) 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.32.1.25

19.Nieman DC, Mitmesser SH. Potential Impact of Nutrition on Immune System Recovery from Heavy Exertion: A Metabolomics Perspective. Nutrients. 2017;9(5)

20.Foster JP, Heimann C, Esten KM, Phillip L., Brice Glen, Porcari. Differences in perceptions of training by coaches and athletes. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 2001; 8 (2), 3-7.

21.Simpson NS, Gibbs EL, Matheson GO. Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: implications and recommendations for elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(3):266-274.

22.Hausswirth C, Louis J, Aubry A, Bonnet G, Duffield R, Le meur Y. Evidence of disturbed sleep and increased illness in overreached endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(5):1036-45.

23.Mah CD, Mah KE, Kezirian EJ, Dement WC. The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep. 2011;34(7):943-50.

24.Nielsen, F. H., Johnson, L. K., & Zeng, H. (2010). Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep. Magnesium Research, 23(4), 158-168.

25.Lowery L, Forsythe CE. Protein and overtraining: potential applications for free-living athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006;3:42-50.

26.Achten J, Halson SL, Moseley L, Rayson MP, Casey A, Jeukendrup AE. Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(4):1331-40.

27.Vandoorne, T., De Smet, S., Ramaekers, M., Van Thienen, R., De Bock, K., Clarke, K., and Hespel, P. (2017). Intake of a Ketone Ester Drink during Recovery from Exercise Promotes mTORC1 Signaling but Not Glycogen Resynthesis in Human Muscle. Front. Physiol. 8, 310.

28.Holdsworth, D.A., Cox, P.J., Kirk, T., Stradling, H., Impey, S.G., and Clarke, K. (2017). A Ketone Ester Drink Increases Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc.

Triathlon Training Strategies to Conquer Your Race

Originally posted on HVMN and authored by Brady Holmer on May 16, 2019

A triathlon can be daunting. The three distance races of swim, bike, and run utilize different energy systems and muscle activation patterns. Each requires unique physical and mental skills to reach the finish line.

Triathlon training is also about tradeoffs.1

Table of Contents

Training for a Tri isn’t Negotiable

Triathlon 101: the Various Triathlon Distances

Which Distance is Right for You?

Dividing the Training Pie

Volume and Intensity

Cornerstone Workouts

Swim–Technique Sets

Other Swim Training Tips

Bike–Hill Sessions

Bike–Lactate Threshold Work

Other Bike Training Tips

Run–the Long Run

Run–Speed Work

The Brick: Your Best Friend and Worst Enemy

Sample Brick Workouts

When to Brick, and How Long to Go

Fuel for the Work Required: Triathlon Nutrition

Pre-Workout Nutrition

Training Low

Train Dual-Fueled

Have Sufficient Fuel for High Intensity Sessions

Jumping in

It would be nice if bike fitness easily translated into the water, or running ability made you a great bike rider. In some ways, fitness does translate. But each discipline requires dedication. A proper training schedule should be specific to triathlon demands.

A triathlon training plan focusing on specificity of the swim, bike, run, and all transition areas will optimize race day performance. And don’t forget about nutrition and sleep; these are considered the fourth triathlon disciplines. Both in and out of season, make sure you hit all of the basics.

Training for a Tri isn’t Negotiable

Finding new challenges and setting goals helps push performance limits. If you’re an athlete who has traditionally stuck to one sport, training for your first triathlon may be just what you need to spice up your training schedule. It may also light a new competitive flame.

Triathlon training can stimulate your body in new ways and work new energy systems. It’s like rigorous cross training. Triathlon-specific fitness can improve overall health, may translate to reduced injury in other sports and perhaps weight loss, if that’s a goal.

Triathlon 101: the Various Triathlon Distances

Before developing a training schedule, the first step is to decide which triathlon distance you’ll conquer for your next or first triathlon. This will influence your workouts and overall training time.

Sprint Distance Triathlon

Swim - 750 meters (¾ mile)

Bike - 20k (12.4 miles)

Run - 5k (3.1 miles)

Standard or Olympic Distance Triathlon

Swim - 1.5k (.93 miles)

Bike - 40k (24.8 miles)

Run - 10k (6.2 miles)

Half-Ironman

Swim - 1.9k (1.2 miles)

Bike - 90k (55.9 miles)

Run - 21.9k (13.6 miles)

Ironman Triathlon

Swim - 3.9k (2.4 miles)

Bike - 180k (112 miles)

Run - 42k (26.2 miles)

Which Distance is Right for You?

There are a few things to consider when choosing your race distance.

The first: time. How much of your schedule can you dedicate to training? Most programs include two workouts per day, several days per week. You’ll likely need to dedicate 10 - 12 hours or more to training each week. Naturally, a longer race (half-Ironman or full Ironman) will require more time in the pool, on your road bike, or laced into your running shoes pounding pavement. Most people don’t have the luxury of being a pro-athlete with unlimited training time. The average Joe isn’t training for the Ironman World Championships in Hawaii.

Training environment is another consideration. Will you be able to practice open water swims in a nearby lake, or is a pool your only option? Trails and roadways conducive to long runs and rides may dictate training quality and safety.

The most obvious consideration is experience.

Many new triathletes want to attack the biggest race their first time out, but this could spell disaster.

A long history of athletics or endurance sport may allow you to seamlessly finish your first race without much trouble, but it may not. It’s important to learn to enjoy the journey of the sport as much as the destination.

Dividing the Training Pie

You have three sports to train for, and only so many hours. How much should you dedicate to training for each discipline? Tradeoffs dictate that, by choosing to spend more time in one activity, you must lower the amount of time spent in another. Swimming, biking, and running can be thought of as three slices of the giant training pie.

The relationship between triathlon training and performance is specific.2Time spent training in a specific discipline directly predicts performance in that race leg. More swim training means a stronger swim portion. This makes sense physiologically because the same muscles, motions, and pace we train are the same muscles, motions, and pace with which we compete.

Generally, you should do the same number of swims, bike rides, and runs each week. In total, aim for two workouts per week for each discipline. An easy formula for this plan follows a single swim-bike-run-swim-bike-run each day. This also includes one day per week to be used for recovery.

While on the topic of rest, plan your training program so you never have back-to-back hard workouts (e.g. interval training on Monday and a hill workout on Tuesday).

If you’ve assessed your strengths and determined you may need a little more swim, run, or bike work, an additional third session of a specific discipline can be added per week. This might come in the form of a “brick workout” (discussed later) or a day where you complete two workouts (a double).

Volume and Intensity

Early research on elite endurance athletes found they gained the most fitness when completing approximately 80% or more of their training at low intensity (below lactate threshold) and the remaining 20% at moderate or high intensity.3 This pattern was remarkably consistent. A high-volume, low-intensity training program, sprinkled with high-intensity intervals sessions, can produce success in longer endurance events. Do what the elites do and you might snag an age group or podium finish.

Applying this rule to your training is simple. Create a schedule where 80% of your training volume (in time) is at a low intensity. What is a low intensity, exactly? Generally, low intensity is regarded as anywhere between 45% - 80% of your predicted heart rate max.

Plan your remaining training sessions at moderate or high intensity. These will be your interval workouts, tempo sessions, and hill work. One high-intensity swim, bike ride, and run per week is the general framework. High-intensity training occurs at a heart rate from 80% - 100% of your predicted heart rate max.

Cornerstone Workouts

Spending time logging miles in each discipline is crucial to develop proper endurance needed for the triathlon. Practice swimming, biking, and running at paces and tempos you’ll experience on race day.

It may be useful to research the race course to determine layout and elevation changes. Find out whether you’ll be racing an open water or ocean swim. This can help to guide specific training sessions.

Swim–Technique Sets

The swim portion is the most physically-technical part of the triathlon.

Good swimming should look almost effortless and relaxed. Swimming better isn’t just a matter of moving your arms harder or faster–efficiency is important.

You can build efficiency in two ways. The first involves swimming a set distance (say 25m) with a lower number of strokes in the same amount of time. Swim five sets of 25 meters each, and lower your stroke count by 1 - 2 for each repetition. This will improve the distance you can travel with each stroke.

To improve tempo, swim a set distance in the same amount of strokes, but decrease time on each repetition. This means you’ll be taking strokes more frequently.

Focus on long, clean strokes rather than choppy harsh ones.

Other Swim Training Tips

  • If your race is open water, be sure that you practice a few open water swims before race day. Your local pool won’t mimic an ocean swim

  • Practice sighting: swimming off course or getting lost during an open water swim can spell disaster for your race. Sighting is the ability to pick your head up enough while swimming to ensure you’re heading in a straight line to the buoy or other landmark. You can practice this in the pool

  • Find a triathlon coach or join a team. Since swimming is so technical, learning from someone more experienced may have benefits

  • Go the distance: it’s recommended to practice swimming the complete distance you’ll be racing

  • Purchase and practice getting out of your bathing suit and swim cap. You don’t want to lose valuable race time struggling with this

Bike–Hill Sessions

The bike discipline of the triathlon is where you’ll spend the most amount of race time, and is also where you can potentially make up the most ground lost. Cycle training is crucial because many triathletes underperform on the run due to residual fatigue during the bike.

Power is the cyclist’s most crucial asset. More power on your road bike means you can ride faster over any race distance. Workouts to build power should be included in your cycling plan, and hill sessions are a great way to increase power. Hill workouts become extremely important if your race course contains significant elevation changes, long climbs, and steep inclines.

To hill train, start by finding a hill with about 1,000 feet of climbing. Each week, try to increase the distance climbed on this route while maintaining the same cadence and effort. If you have a power meter, trying to maintain power on climbs while increasing distance is a way to gauge fitness improvements.

Another variation of hill sessions are high-intensity uphill sprints. Sprint uphill for 60 - 90 seconds, followed by a ride back down for recovery. Repeat this 8 -12 times per workout.

Bike–Lactate Threshold Work

Your lactate threshold is the highest intensity you can sustain for around 60 minutes. At or above this intensity, the body starts to accumulate lactate, signaling a reliance on anaerobic energy production systems.

Exercise above this threshold can’t be sustained for long, so working to increase your threshold is crucial.

Lactate threshold is the best predictor of race performance for many cycling events.4

LT workouts are typically done as longer intervals. Find a long flat road where you won’t have to slow down or stop often. Try doing 3 - 4 ten-minute intervals at your lactate threshold pace. Increase time as you progressively get fitter or add more intervals.

Other Bike Training Tips

Unlike swimming and running, biking involves more technical equipment. Consider a few of training tips help optimize your time in the saddle.

  • Learn to change a flat: nothing ruins a great bike ride like a flat tire. Even worse, this could happen during your big race. Invest in a patch kit and a spare tube just in case disaster strikes while out on the road

  • Get fitted: a proper bike fit is critical to maximize comfort and efficiency in the saddle, and even boosts performance by increasing power and optimizing aerodynamics

  • Consider indoor training: any bike can be hooked up to an indoor trainer. This will prevent days lost due to training if you can’t make it outdoors

Run–the Long Run

Endurance runs form the base of triathlon run training; they're key to developing a powerful heart, increasing muscle capillaries for oxygen delivery, building robust mitochondria, and strengthening running-specific muscles.5

Long runs build fatigue resistance and confidence, both crucial to perform well on race day. A general recommendation for triathletes: long runs should equate to about 35% of your total weekly running volume. If you train 4 - 6 hours per week, this would mean a long run of 1.5 - 2 hours or more.

Run–Speed Work

Speed (interval) training allows you become better at running faster, with goals of increasing lactate threshold and improving V02 max.

High-intensity speed work should occur at 80% - 100% of your maximal HR or V02 max.

Generally, a 2:1 or 1:1 work to rest ratio for intervals is recommended. This might take the form of two minutes at high intensity followed by one minute jog recovery, repeated eight times. Feel free to experiment with different types of intervals and mold them to your race distance.

The Brick: Your Best Friend and Worst Enemy

The triathlon is not three separate sports, but a single sport combining three interconnected events. The back-to-back-to-back nature of triathlons means you’ll need to practice the transitions and simulate the fatigue you’ll experience on race day. Brick workouts are race day dress rehearsals.

The brick is a specialized workout typically combining either a swim/bike or a bike/run into a single session.

In each, the first activity is followed immediately by the next with little to no recovery time.

Brick workouts allow the body to adapt to specifics of swim/bike and bike/run transitions. There are biomechanical and physiological differences among all events that will make transitioning uncomfortable if not practiced. Brick sessions allow you to practice making seamless transitions and minimize your performance drop from one event to the next.

Sample Brick Workouts

A simple brick workout might include a 500 meter swim in a pool, followed immediately by an easy bike ride of around 45 - 60 minutes. As you adapt to the transition, you can increase length and intensity of the swim and the bike ride.

For a bike/run brick workout, the same format can be applied. A 45 - 60-minute bike ride followed by a 30-minute run can get you into the rhythm of using different muscles and movements during this transition.

Outside of brick workouts, practice your swim-to-bike and bike-to-run transitions. Rehearse getting out of your wetsuit and swim cap, getting onto the bike and then, unclipping your cycling shoes and lacing up your running shoes. This will make sure things go as smooth as possible on race day.

When to Brick, and How Long to Go

Most triathletes should aim to complete one brick workout every 3 - 4 weeks. Keep the intensity of the swim, bike, and run the same as that of other workouts. If you had a moderate intensity swim or bike planned for a particular day, do a brick workout with both events at moderate intensity.

For duration, if you’re training for a sprint triathlon or Olympic distance triathlon, this workout should be 50% - 100% of race distance. For half-Ironman and full Ironman triathlons, 25% - 50% of race distance is recommended for a brick workout.

Fuel for the Work Required: Triathlon Nutrition

High-volume training means you’ll be tearing through energy stores. This requires you fuel properly and strategically.

Pre-Workout Nutrition

What you eat before a workout plays two roles. The first is ensuring that you’re able to maximize energy production needed for high-quality workouts and attain the greatest training adaptations. The second is the opportunity to practice race day nutrition strategies.

Training Low

The practice of training with reduced fuel availability, termed “training low,” is a recent strategy used by endurance athletes. It involves doing 30% - 50% of your training sessions with reduced carbohydrate availability.6 This could be accomplished by doing your ride, run, and swim in the morning after an overnight fast.

Manipulate carbohydrate availability on a session-by-session basis with intensity and duration in mind. Train low sessions should be planned around your lower-intensity workouts.

This is because low-intensity exercise relies more on fat oxidation versus carbohydrate oxidation for energy.

Training in a “fasted” state increases free fatty acid availability and lipid oxidation which can subsequently be used during the session.

There is evidence that training low stimulates post-exercise gene expression, oxidative enzymes, glycogen storage capacity, and other molecules related to positive metabolic adaptations compared to exercising with high carbohydrate availability.6 Multiple studies report exercise performance changes following exercise training with carbohydrate restriction, such as improved time trial and submaximal exercise performance.7,8,9

Train Dual-Fueled

When the body is low on carbohydrates, it burns more fat and even produces ketones for fuel. Ketones are the body’s natural back up, used in an energy crisis to replace carbohydrate–typically you either have enough carbs to get by but no ketones or no carbs and then elevated ketones. It's a trade off between fuels.

Not so with H.V.M.N. Ketone. After consuming H.V.M.N. Ketone, the body can use both carbohydrates and ketones for energy, essentially giving the body two fuel tanks to employ. The result? In a 30-minute time trial, elite cyclists rode 400m further (performing 2% - 3% better) after drinking H.V.M.N. Ketone.10

Have Sufficient Fuel for High Intensity Sessions

High-intensity sessions rely more heavily on carbohydrate oxidation than low-intensity work. For these workouts, having high availability of carbohydrate is recommended in order to maximize training output and adaptation. Pre-exercise carbohydrate intake (3 - 4 hours before a workout) enhances carbohydrate availability during exercise and has been shown to improve endurance capacity.11

Jumping in

A triathlon training plan doesn’t have to be complex. After you’ve found the right race, following some well known strategies in regards to your training and nutrition will set you up for success at any race distance.

Scientific Citations

1.Calsbeek R, Careau V. Survival of the Fastest: The Multivariate Optimization of Performance Phenotypes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 20182.Hendy HM, Boyer BJ. Specificity in the relationship between training and performance in triathlons. Percept Mot Skills. 1995;81(3 Pt 2):1231-40.3.Seiler, S, & Tønnessen, E. Training Intervals, Thresholds, and Long Slow Distance: the Role of Intensity and Duration in Endurance Training. Sportscience 2009; (13) 32-53.4.Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hopper MK, Walters TJ. Determinants of endurance in well-trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64(6):2622-30.5.Ingjer, F. Effects of endurance training on muscle fibre ATP-ase activity, capillary supply and mitochondrial content in man. J Physiol (1979); 294: 419–432.6.Impey SG, Hearris MA, Hammond KM, et al. Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis. Sports Med. 2018;48(5):1031-1048.7.Marquet LA, Brisswalter J, Louis J, et al. Enhanced Endurance Performance by Periodization of Carbohydrate Intake: "Sleep Low" Strategy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(4):663-72.8.Cochran AJ, Myslik F, Macinnis MJ, et al. Manipulating Carbohydrate Availability Between Twice-Daily Sessions of High-Intensity Interval Training Over 2 Weeks Improves Time-Trial Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(5):463-70.9.Marquet LA, Hausswirth C, Molle O, et al. Periodization of Carbohydrate Intake: Short-Term Effect on Performance. Nutrients. 2016;8(12)10.Cox, P.J., Kirk, T., Ashmore, T., Willerton, K., Evans, R., Smith, A., Murray, Andrew J., Stubbs, B., West, J., McLure, Stewart W., et al. (2016). Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes. Cell Metabolism 24, 1-13.11.Sherman WM, Brodowicz G, Wright DA, Allen WK, Simonsen J, Dernbach A. Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21(5):598-604.

Road to Boston: How I Ran a Sub-3-Hour Marathon ft. Michael Brandt

Originally posted on HVMN and authored by Dr. Brianna Stubbs and Zhill Olonan on April 30, 2019

Michael Brandt, who co-founded H.V.M.N. along with Geoffrey Woo, just came back from running the 2019 Boston Marathon. With Boston being Michael’s second ever marathon, everyone on the H.V.M.N. team was especially impressed & happy to hear of his 2:48 finish time.

A sub 3-hour marathon is not an easy feat. On average, Michael was completing each mile in 6 minutes and 24 minutes...for 26 miles straight.

Dr. Brianna Stubbs sits down with Michael to delve into his training structure and the running tips he’s picked up, his experience running the mother of marathons, and what motivates him to run nearly every day.

Transcription

Brianna

Hey Mike, it's great to see you back from Boston. How are you feeling?

Michael B.

Hi, Brianna, it's good to be back. Feeling well.

Brianna

Not too sore.

Michael B.

Not too sore. Although I haven't been able to go for another run just yet. I've been taking it easy.

Brianna

I saw on Strava this morning, or was it yesterday, that you distravad a sauna session that had.

Michael B.

Yes. zero miles at 0.0 miles per hour. I mean, all of the elites, everyone who runs marathons, should take days off afterwards. And they elites, it's their job, their professional, they would do everything that they could to run faster if they could. If it was good for your training to run immediately off of a marathon, they'd be doing it. But everyone takes a break. You owe it to yourself.

Brianna

Oh, I mean, mentally, as well as physically, but, as a scientist, I know all of the destruction that happens inside your body when you put it through this massive strain of running a marathon. So I think, I'm certainly not telling you off for taking a few days to regroup and look after your body, and fuel up, and stretch, and get in the sauna, or all that good stuff that you don't have time to do when you're training. You have to make sure you enjoy this before you crack on with the next thing.

Michael B.

But I do miss it. I think that at a certain ... I trained for a marathon 'cause I like running. It's not like a good riddance feeling. I miss it. It's like, "What do you do when you wake up?" And you can't go run 10 miles.

Brianna

It's funny, 'cause you sent out a message to our group chat this morning asking what you're gonna do with the morning, and I was like, "Well, you'd have a lie in, you could have a nice pot of coffee, you could go and have breakfast with your partner, you could read a book, or catch up on the news, that ..." It's actually, I feel like, especially also having trained really hard for a long period of time, you can think of all these things that you could do, but then the alarm goes off and you need that fix, that little hit of being outside, and moving, and getting everything flowing. So, I empathize, but you do have to make sure that you take some downtime, so that you're super revitalized, ready to go again.

Michael B.

That's right.

Brianna

And try and think of some things that you wouldn't have had time to do when you were training, and you had to get up, and we had to rush down your coffee, or rush down your breakfast, or rush from training to work, 'cause these are precious times when you can just live a bit slower. I mean, we rewound back a couple years when I started working here, and you and I started doing a bit o' training together, I don't think you'd ever run a marathon at that point. You weren't seriously running, but you had done a bit of running back when you were in college. Where were you two years ago, and how did you end up where you are now?

I always had played soccer, and ultimate frisbee, and these sports that were very cardio based. And I was just curious what my benchmark would be for like, "Hey, I'm pretty in shape. Rewinding back to 21, 22 year old me. I'm pretty in shape. How fast can I run a mile?" SO I spent ... It seemed like a long time, but it's only like 10 weeks. I spent 10 weeks. I just ran every day. I'd my friend who is on the Stanford track team, who was a four oh something miler, very fast guy. And he wrote a training plan for me, and got me running every day. And I did it. I broke both five minute mile I ran 4.57 mile, and it was the hardest thing I ever done. But if there was something, I learned what it felt like to be a runner. I think what was cool about it is, over the course of that time, I ramped up to running pretty much every day, maybe six days a week.

And even realizing that that was possible, and then realizing that it takes a certain amount of fitness to even be able to train, you need to train in order to be at a spot where you can train. And, you have to be resilient to be able to run every day, and you need to be able to run every day in order to get in enough training. So, there's a couple o' levels to it I learned at that point. But once I hit my five minute mile, I just went back to playing some Ultimate Frisbee, and going for a run two, three times a week. My big run was around campus, which I look back on it, it was three and a half miles or something. That was my big ... That was what I would do is a big run in college.

Brianna

But I think that's pretty typical of most people out there. The idea of going and running for an hour, or even longer than an hour, that's a significant amount of effort. And I think most people would go out and run for half an hour or 40 minutes, and feel like they'd had a good workout in. I think you're an interesting case in point, because you applied some diligent processes to running the mile as fast as you can. And then, having watched you train for the marathon, you've applied the similar kind of diligent processes. Now, The things that you need to do to run a mile fast is very different to the things that you would need to do to run a marathon for us. And really, anyone who's listening, the general principles of what you're saying, or the kind of approach that's relevant to whatever distance you're trying to run, and as you say, running a marathon isn't right for everyone, and it may be more practical, and more motivating for some people to run shorter distances like five K's. There's so many of those races, you can recover for a bit longer, and actually like myself, I would love to be able to run five K fast. I am not fast.

I can go for a long time, but I'm not fast. So actually, being fast would be a nice challenge for me. I mean, really, I think something that listeners can take away from this is, you have to pick a challenge where you're at, but really, then once you start that, you can just apply thoughtful training processes, and be methodical, and you can still have a good achievement with running. And running is something that everyone can do. You buy shoes and lace up, and then off you go. Most people can do running. So, I think that, and ... I mean, I would like to hand over to you here, 'cause you talk beautifully about how it feels to run, and how the kind of freedom that you get when you're out running first thing in the morning. I think you described in a way that's very motivating. I mean, talk us through how you're feeling when you're running across Crissy fields towards the Golden Gate Bridge, and you're just really getting into your stride.

Michael B.

I think, overly glazing over things to say that every run is beautiful, it's not. I think that I realized is that your memory makes things look very beautiful, but then in that moment they're very, sometimes, very tough. Doing it on the toughest days, there's a way to find some beauty to it. I think that even as you're going through the pain, there's something cool that you can witness about yourself, that you're putting yourself through this. And you have the option to stop, and just go home. No one's watching, no one cares, but then, the fact that you, on your own accord, are deciding to lean into the pain, it's just self generated source of pride and confidence. You can just generate a better sense of feeling good about yourself, and it's free. And all you had to do is buy a pair of shoes, and you can have this profound sense of progress, and self development and then that can easily ... It lends its way into other areas of your life. It's like, you get this confidence in this one area, and then it contributes to your overall confidence. I come to the office and I feel good. I already did something great with the day. The momentum's already there. And the rest of the day keeps going like dominoes from that.

Brianna

How did you fit in all of the training that you needed to do around pretty demanding full time job?

Michael B.

I've structured it though. It's very satisfying to me. Work is very satisfying, gratifying to do. Running is very satisfying, gratifying to do. I don't really care about all the things that I'm not doing. I think some of the best advice I ever had, I think it's from Warren Buffett, he said, "Make a list of the top 25 things you wanna do in your life, and then cross out number six through 25, 'cause those are the biggest distractions." For me, I've been able to find successes with running, with work, and in my close relationships, because, I just don't really cry ... It doesn't really bother me that I can't do all these other things.

There's a million things going on in the world, in every city, and every whatever. There's all these things going on, and you can't really worry about it. And so, I think it took for me a certain level of maturity, to be able to do one thing, or a couple things and put the blinders on, and just just find satisfaction in those instead of wondering what else I could be doing with my time, or what am I missing out on? That FOMO.I don't have any FOMO. I like running, I like working, and that's great for me where I am right now.

Brianna

It sounds like you got to a point where you realized that running was something that you really wanted to invest in. I mean, did that mean that, day to day, you were very, very motivated? Did you struggle with motivation at all, 'cause you sound pretty chipper about it right now? When was it difficult to get up and out of bed?

Michael B.

Yeah, that's a good question, 'cause I always wondered that, "What motivates me?" And, I think the answer is complicated. It changes. Different things motivate me on different days. And even, different things will motivate me on training versus on race day. It's not just one thing. Some days what motivates me is, it's beautiful, and the birds are chirping, and it's a perfect day, and it feels great to run. Your lungs are full of air, you're stretching it out full stride, you're feeling strong and amazing. But that's definitely not every day. But, sometimes that runner's high, or the pursuit of the runner's high is very motivating. Other times it's like, it's not wanting to quit, it's like, it might be horrible to run, you might not wanna run, but it's gonna feel even worse to not run.

There's gonna be a disappointment. There's a sense of indebtedness to your past self. If you've been running every day for the past two months every day, except for planned rest days, you owe it to that past self to get out there and run today. Otherwise, you're letting that past self down. That can be motivated, that sense of, "I don't want that to all be for nothing." It's like compounding, and say, "I don't wanna break the combo streak. If I break the combo streak, then that's all like, it was all for nothing."

Brianna

I definitely think that's super powerful. When I'm racing myself, you think about all of the work that you put in, in training, and you just wanna do yourself justice. But it's the same in training as well. You start to put so much money in the bank with the training bank that you wanna keep putting in those deposits, and not letting it wither away.

Michael B.

One little mind trick ... And running is all about mind tricks. Running is not really about running. Running is about mind tricks. When the last couple o' miles are really hard of a run, you tell yourself that everything else was just a warm up. You're going a 20 mile run, it's like, well, miles one through 18 were just to get you tired, 19 and 20 are really where the real workout is at. And then you can extend that out to life. It's like, you wake up today and you're tired, because you've been running 70, 80 miles for the past week, and you have 70, 80 miles for the week in front of you. Well, you better run today, because the past week you spent making your legs tired, so that on the run today, you'd be getting some really good benefit by running on tired legs. So, if you miss your chance today, and your legs get fresh, you're not gonna be able to get that same training benefit. So you gotta go today.

I just try to have more reasons why I need to run, than why I shouldn't run. And, I just go through them with like, "Is it a beautiful day? No. Maybe it is, maybe it's not. Well, then I need to do it for a sense of what I owe to myself. And if not then, I need to do it just because it's better for training." I just have a list of mental checklist I go through of all the reasons why I should run today.

Brianna

Is it always that complicated or sometimes you just get out and run?

Michael B.

Sometimes you get out and run. I think that one of the things that's really helpful too, I just like to stop the thinking.

Brianna

I find that too. Just-

Michael B.

Just go. I think that having this job is, I have to be in the office at a certain time, which means I have to be out the door at a certain time, which means I have to have eaten breakfast and showered by a certain time, which means I've to be back from my run at a certain time, which means I need to leave the house by a certain time. It's actually funny, 'cause on a weekend, a lot of times I do my long runs on Saturdays, and that run can flow throughout the day. it's something I'm working on, because that can end up consuming the day. Well, I wake, I sleep in, I go to the café, I hang out, I take a phone call. It's 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00 PM, and I gotta go for this run. But I've been thinking about it all day, and I haven't gone anywhere either, because I haven't done the main thing I need to do today. And so the run can consume the day whereas on weekdays, I just know I need to be out the door at a certain point. There's no negotiating with the alarm clock. It's like, it goes off, I just gotta go. And that simplicity is actually really helpful. I gotta go by a certain point. This isn't some major decision. You know you're running today, just get out there.

Brianna

As part of the build up, can you just describe roughly what a training week would look like? What type of sessions do you do? And roughly, how did that change over the block that you were training? I think it was a 12 week training program, right?

Michael B.

I should start by saying that, even for elite marathon runners, 80% of the miles that they run in training are slower than marathon race pace. You're putting in a lot of miles at first, just getting up, getting comfortable. For me, I was getting up to 80, 90 miles I think, was the peak week for me. And then, towards the middle of the training block, you're working in more speed work. So, you're starting to do some stuff that's faster. You do a couple of 10 K runs, or you'll do intervals where in the middle of a run, you're going at race pace, or you're going faster than race pace, and then all the way through to towards the end, then you're really starting to focus on some speed work. You start doing mile repeats at max effort. And then, a couple weeks before, you start really winding it down, and tapering it, and just saving up all your beans for race day. Maybe another thing that's been obvious is, most runs aren't that hard. Only two or three runs in a week are super hard. You're running every day,...

Brianna

Which is hard.

Michael B.

...which is hard in itself, and it's important to say that, but sometimes, they're very easy, just recovery. You literally go as slow as you want, as long as you go. And then, some days are kinda medium, and then, two or three days will be hard. Some will be hard 'cause they're long, some will be hard 'cause they're faster. But, not every day is the same. Each week has its own variety to it. And if you go too hard on your easy days, then you're not gonna be able to go hard enough on your hard day. So, it's important to respect the rest. Put your effort in when the days are hard, and don't waste it on the days that aren't meant to be hard.

Brianna

How did you monitor your effort? Did you use heart rate monitor, or anything like that?

Michael B.

Yeah, I'm big fan of heart rate monitoring, and the training plan I had went off of heart rate monitoring. So they say, "Do this run at X percent of your maximum heart rate." It's nice to have a smartwatch heart rate monitor, and just know, "I really shouldn't be going above 155.", or whatever it is for that run." On recovery run, it's like, I should really be staying under 120. And being able to keep yourself honest with that is helpful. And sometimes, you gotta pick it up a little bit too, 'cause it might feel like you're going hard, but well, you're actually not going hard.

Brianna

I mean, you're using the guidance from that, and learning how your body feels. And, in this training block, did you have to manage any illness or injury at all, and how does one cope with that?

Michael B.

Yeah, that's a good question. I was talking about it, 'cause I think that it's easy to be overly confident especially when you're newish to running, to where you haven't had any super bad injuries. Thankfully, I haven't, but I'm always aware that it's around the corner, it could happen. When you get to a certain level of any sport, you're just using, reusing the body parts so much you're like, you can injure it. I've had some minor things here or there. I did something, I think I was running on my pair of shoes kind of ran out of steam, and I hadn't replaced yet, and I got a twinge on my ankle, and figured it out, but I had to ramp it down for a week and chill out. And so-

Brianna

Is that frustrating?

Michael B.

It's very frustrating. Yeah, because you wanna be tough, and you wanna ... I mean, you know you need to run, and you wanna throw some toughness at it, but that's not necessarily the answer, and you gotta sometimes lose the battle to win the war. You gotta take a week off, or maybe this marathon training block, maybe it's compromised 'cause you got injured. Thankfully for me, it wasn't that bad, but it was a good sobering wake up call that, don't overdo it, 'cause you wanna be able to run. If you wanna really get good at this, it's a long play. You gotta be doing it for years. And so, it's not worth hurting yourself in a permanent way just 'cause you pushed it too hard.

Brianna

And I think it's challenging because you're ramping up the miles, so that's taking more and more time, and more and more energy, but actually also, as you do that, you need to start doing things like stretching, or making making time to actually look after your body, because it's taking this battering, and that gets more and more important as you have less and less time. So I think that, that's challenging, and I think that you hit the nail on the head, we need to know where to back off in order to salvage long term progress, but also prevention in terms of, as I said, stretching, but for me, one o' the biggest things that affected when my marathon training was chafing and rubbing, and it's like, well, you can do things to prevent that, so that you're not really, really uncomfortable the next time that you go and run, because if you end up with blisters ... I mean, one time, I had a huge ass blister on my big toe, and I had to buy a proper cover for it, because I could hardly walk, let alone run. I think a really important point to take away would be to look after your body.

Michael B.

And I would say, the art of running is the art of injury prevention. 'Cause in a sense, it's like, the running part is easy, but how do you run without getting injured? You have to have, I think, a very high degree of body awareness, which I think you have a much longer history than I do, and I think most people ... I mean, there are very few people who have hit a gold standard in a world stage like you have. And I think that you can't be greedy in the short term outcomes of just trying to run faster today, 'cause you're frustrated at your splits. It's like, back off. You gotta back off a second, and maybe you need to be doing more yoga. Maybe you need to spend some time in the sauna, and maybe the way to run faster is to run slower for a little while, and then the speed will come if you're a little bit more patient with it.

Brianna

You used the sauna, was there anything else that you did during training that helped?

Michael B.

Yeah. I'm a little bit of a fanatic about shoes. I have a lot o' pairs of shoes in rotation when it's ... Some o' the best advice I've gotten is, it's good to have multiple pairs of shoes, so that you're not over-training to just one pair. You don't wanna just have leg muscles that are really well built for this one pair of shoes, and the specific geometry and foam type, and the heel toe drop, and the rise, just for this one pair of shoes. You wanna have strong legs, period, and so you gotta rotate through. And then, there's also just personal preferences. Some people have different issues, or ... It almost gets philosophical.

Brianna

Was things like arch high, and whether you pronate or supernate, so you can get different pairs of shoes that will work with your particular body shape.

Michael B.

There are different pairs of shoes that'll work with you, and then there's different pairs of shoes that you might think it's a good idea to use a really minimal pair of shoes, and you're gonna have to maybe adjust your former, when you use those shoes on that day, you're gonna have to go a little bit slower. And that might be a personal choice that you make, 'cause you read somewhere. You read Born to Run and how the Tarahumara run barefoot, and you know that, that if you subtract all the shoe technology that, your body's gonna do this really natural neutral form. And, that might not be the way you wanna race your marathon, or that might not be the way that you run every single day, but incorporating that into your training might be something that you wanna do.

Brianna

One thing you just touched on a little, that I'd love to hear your take on a little more is form and technique. I know you spent some time watching YouTube videos, and all of that, and personally, my running technique is really bad. I mean, what would be your top three tips, or top three things that you think about that you think it would help people run better?

Michael B.

Yeah. The number one thing I think to run better is cadence. I think that ... And cadence is the number of times your feet hit the ground in a minute. And cadence is really easy to practice, because you can just count it. It's easier than your heart rate even, 'cause you just run for 15 seconds, and you count how many times your feet hit the ground, and you multiply by four. And, general good cadence is around 180, 190 times per minute. And the reason cadence is good, the whole reason that cadence is important is because, if you think about trying to go a certain speed, that speed is gonna be equal to the number of times your foot hits the ground, multiplied by your average stride length. If you hit the ground more times, then you can go the same speed with a shorter stride length. If you hit the ground too little, but you're trying to go fast, if your cadence is slow and you're trying to go fast, I mean, it's gonna really stretch out your stride length. You're gonna be taking too long strides. That's a huge source of injury.

What you never wanna be doing as runner is stretching far out in front o' you, to grab the ground in front of you. That's not the way that the propulsion works. Your foot needs to be hitting the ground right underneath your center of gravity, and then pushing backwards. And, it can feel like you're taking shorter strides than maybe what we're used to, but the way to get comfortable with that is to keep your cadence up, just to keep yourself honest. Make sure that you're you're taking those shorter strides, and not overly reaching. 'Cause again, it's like, when people get shin splints, people get all sorts of issues from over striding, from reaching in front of you. The second you start reaching in front of you with your foot, your foot's hitting the ground before you get there, and then you end up ... It has its breaking effect. Your foot hits the ground, and you're not there yet, and you're at a breaking, and then you end up having like, speed up again once your center of gravity passes over that point o' contact that your foot has made with the ground. And then, what the really good elite people do, is they just have high cadence and high stride length, but they're still all behind you. All of your energy as a runner needs to be going towards forward propulsion. You need to be throwing the ground behind you at all points. Everything else is a waste.

Brianna

Talked a bit about training, and injuries, and form. Let's go back to Boston specifically. How long ago did you qualify for Boston, and how did you qualify? How does that work?

Michael B.

Boston was my second marathon. My first marathon was San Francisco marathon last year, last summer. To qualify for Boston for my age, I'm 30, so to qualify for Boston you need to hit three hours, and that's the highest standard. There's no different ... Men versus women, or different ages, there's different levels o' handicap to make it an equal playing field, but no handicap for being a 30 year old male. And-

Brianna

So that's the fastest qualifying time.

Michael B.

Yeah. That's right. I need to hit three hours. That was my goal. And then, in San Francisco, I had a great day out. I always say, with marathon running, there's really two parts of it. There's, you're mechanic, and you're a pilot, and you spend all the time in training as a mechanic, really building the ship. And every day when you're running, you're building your body. And then, you show up on the start line, and now it's time to pilot this ship. And you have some given level of fitness on that day, and the only so well you can do given that level of fitness, but you can definitely pilot it wrong. You'd have really good fitness, and not be a good pilot on that day.

And, I think that, for San Francisco, I didn't have crazy good fitness. That was my first marathon, and I trained a little off ward, but, I think that it worked well for me, because I probably did it ... Well, I didn't keep overly excited. There were a couple moments where I wanted to go faster, but I held some restraint, and just kept really even in like road ... I think I ran it really well, given what my level of fitness was. If I were to like save and reload that point, I don't think I could have done it that much better.

Brianna

And so, that gave you the qualifying time for Boston, and so you finished that San Francisco looking ahead to Boston. Did you wanna tweak your strategy, or how did you tweak your goals? What was the thought processes there, in to how you're gonna get faster, other than training? You're gonna do the training, but where did you wanna get to?

Michael B.

One part of me is like, "Maybe it's good enough just to keep breaking three hours. It's respectable. Maybe I just wanna break three hours in a bunch o' different marathons. Just keep that standard, and hold that standard for a while and do it in a bunch of fun places." And then part of me was like, "You know what? No." It's like, "I wanna run faster. I wanna know what it feels like." There's something really fun in just letting her rip. Again, if you're a mechanic, it's fun to build the Ferrari, build the best possible vehicle, but then it's also fun on the race day to just let her rip. It's a indescribable feeling that I think a lot o' athletes share, but especially in running, and maybe similar sports where ... It just fun to let her rip. There's just this one thing that you've designed your body for, and you're just taking it out, and you're doing it, and ...

I mean, I know why you don't do that in training ever, 'cause now you're just absolutely demolished. They say not to run fast or long for a month after running a marathon. It's not the most economical training. In training you're doing slower miles, you're doing less miles, but you're doing it every day. But there's something so sublime about just letting her rip. You don't have to worry about, "Am I gonna be sore for this Thursday's intervals, and blah, blah?" It's like, "Nope, just let her rip." Don't get injured. If you get injured, you gotta really tap the brakes, but, your quads hurt, boohoo, let her rip. It's fun to be doing that in your own bias, like riding a motorcycle, but somehow you are the motorcycle. The motorcycle's you.

Brianna

How much faster did you wanna go? What was the new target time?

Michael B.

From San Francisco, I had a 2:55, and then I thought I could do 2:45 in Boston. It's a big step up, and it's big objective time. I ended up doing 2:48 in Boston. I'm not horribly disappointed. I mean, I hit my own personal silver goal, and I hit a standard that's gonna make it a lot easier to qualify I knew in a lot of other marathons. And, I don't know. It's an objectively fast time for a second go around. And I think with my own psychology, now my gold standard just got a little bit faster too.

Brianna

I hear you. You should be really pleased at the time.

Michael B.

If I was to redo it, I would do a full 18 week block. There's just no substitute for time spent in serious training. I think also, I could have probably, if I spent a little longer, I mean, we could have chilled out a little bit, and not been pushing it as hard on each individual run. I might have been over-training a little bit at points, but I think if I stretched it out a little bit, I could've run a little bit slower, a little bit ...

Brianna

You probably would have had time to have micro cycles with the training, like mini peaks as whereas I think maybe with 12 weeks, you've got to keep building until them big taper. I mean, I think, it must be good knowing that there's things that you can try, and do differently, 'cause I think if you felt like you'd really done everything, and left it all out there, and then it might be a bit of a loss as to what you do next. But it sounds like you have some good constructive points for your next one. But, I still wanna talk more about Boston.

Michael B.

Sure.

Brianna

What was the atmosphere like when you got into town?

Michael B.

Boston's really special. This was the 123rd year of Boston. I believe it's America's oldest marathon, and it's always had a competitive standard where you have to hit a certain time to get in, and therefore, it attracts a certain level of crowd. Everyone who's there is a semi serious runner on up, and then a lot of the elites come there too. So, you're running on the same course just right after them, chasing after the Super League guys and girls. Boston's not a huge city, even compared to San Francisco, which is also not a huge city. Boston is not that big, and so when you have all these 30,000 runners, and their families, and they're walking around with their Boston Marathon hoodies, and track jackets, and baseball caps, it really takes over the city. The city goes ... It goes nuts. Marathon Monday, there's no parking anywhere, the whole route is just shut down.

Everyone's excited. I've had some family members who have lived in Boston at different points, and they watch the race, they've cheered on. The whole city just goes crazy. The whole city has the day off, and there's just a lot of fanfare when you're there. The buzz, and you get this sense is like, everyone else there is also run a marathon of marathons, and training, or more. And you're all there for this one day. We could have all stayed home and run 26.2 miles in our whatever, in our own hometown, but we all got on a plane, flew out there, and we're there to all do this thing together. It hangs in the air. There's something special.

Brianna

I think you're right. I think nowadays, in a world where we do so much business remotely, getting people together, like minded people who've all got the same goal for that day, and as you said, you've been on a journey in the run up to, and everyone will have had a different journey, that kind of pregnancy in the atmosphere must be heavy and present, and give you a whole other gear to unlock and really pilot the ship, as fast as you can let it rip, as you kind of been saying. It's pretty inspiring. I mean, how did the race go? I mean, did you get hung up, bit carried away, and go off to hard, or did you pace it? Well, how did the race unfold after all of that training?

Michael B.

Yeah, the race went well, and, I should say, one of the aspects that makes marathoning so tough, and I've said this, is that, you never run the full race distance with the full intensity in training. You're always doing ... You're triangulating out. You're doing more miles over the course of the week. You're doing a couple 10 K races all out, which 10 K is a lot shorter distance. And you'd using that to extrapolate out how well you will pace for the whole marathon, but you never really know, so you show up a day or two before, and especially for someone like me, it's only my second marathon. I've only piloted it a couple o' times, and I'm just wondering, "How fast can I go? Is my goal realistic? If I go out at that speed, am I gonna burn up?" 'Cause there's a certain point where if you try to go a little bit faster, you end up burning exponentially more fuel. You get exponentially tired.

If you try to shave 10 seconds, 20 seconds off a mile, it starts being very expensive to do that. You're gonna crash hard. You don't wanna be going off too fast, but then I thought about it, and said, "You know what? I don't wanna completely miss the opportunity either." If you start out too slow, then you're just giving up at the start line. You're never gonna hit your goal pace. I thought it was reasonable. I could hit my goal. I thought I could do it. And I also just know what it should feel like. I gave myself permission, dialed in, and I said, "You know what? The real goal is to run at ..." I know what it feels like to be running hard, but in a way that I can sustain for a few hours. So I was like, "All right, I'm gonna go off a feel. I'm gonna give myself permission to back off if need to, but I'm gonna hit those splits. I'm not hanging on to it. And if I'm still feeling good around 10, 13 miles then I'm gonna go for broke."

Brianna

That patience aspect of it, it's definitely challenging, when you're excited, and you put so much work into it. That patience to wait until you really push on, but also, as you said nicely that, I permission to go with what you have on the day, and not be too self judgmental, if it's not quite panning out. It's a very interesting mental game. Were there any points where you had to be really on your mental game, where it was maybe a little bit on the edge of going to plan or not? How did that will pan out?

Michael B.

Yeah, there were different challenges at different points. It was generally going well. In the first half, there's a lot o' people around, so you wanna zigzag around them, and you're gonna cover more distance by doing these little micro zigzags to get past people, or do you just slow down a little bit, you end up trying to do something like optimal path that's not too much, but letting you keep your splits. Boston is a really challenging course. It's rolling hills. You'll gain some seconds on this part of the course, you'll lose some seconds on this part of the course. It's really nice to have a smartwatch, and be really comfortable with it, and just know, "Well. I'm five seconds ahead, I'm 10 seconds ahead, I'm five seconds behind." The one number I keep track of is just the cumulative amount I am ahead or behind of my goal. I say, "I'm three seconds ahead on this mile, and then the next mile you're five seconds behind, plus two." And then, you just keep track o' this one number, and you just go, and then ... 'Cause generally, you don't wanna dig too deep of a hole for yourself. Some miles are harder than others, because they're hillier, or whatever, but my philosophy is generally, try to earn it back as quickly as possible. You don't wanna borrow too much from future miles. You don't wanna dig yourself a little hole, and then be like, "Oh, I'll make up for that later." 'Cause, you know what? You're not gonna get any less tired later. I try to keep the bank account at right at even, if not, try to be a little bit ahead. But, you don't wanna be too much ahead. That's always the calculus, like, "Is it here, should I go a little bit faster now, or should I keep my speed, and save some beans for later?"

Brianna

Did you stop falling behind time, and have to deal with that?

Michael B.

Yeah, yeah. I started falling behind time. There's part o' the Boston's metropolitan area, there's a little city called Newton, and there's these four hills and anyone who's run the course knows this well. I think a lot of us have unfinished business in Newton. It's a series of four hills, and they all come back, to back, to back, and they say at mile 18, 19, 20-

Brianna

Is one of these, Heartbreak Hill?

Michael B.

Yeah, it's four hills, the fourth which is called Heartbreak Hill, and ... I mean, it's deceiving, 'cause Boston on the whole is net downhill course. It's about 1000 feet. Sorry, it's about 500 feet net downhill, but within that is ... It's actually 1000 feet downhill, with 500 feet of climb. Nets out to ... It's this nice, minus 500, but you've also got this really chunky plus 500 that's right in the middle. I mean, the downhills not easy either, 'cause downhill just like rips your legs up in a different way. All things being equal, I'd rather run downhill, but it's a little bit different form.

Brianna

It's not easy.

Michael B.

Yeah. If you haven't trained for it, you'd be surprised how much it can tear you up, even though it seems like, "Oh, it's downhill. It's an advantage." It can really tear up your quads if you're not ready for it.

Brianna

What happened to you in Newton?

Michael B.

It just got hard to run. It was just hard to move the legs fast enough, I think. And then you start trying to throw more coal on the fire, then you realize it's not productive, because you're not supposed to be out of breath in mile 18 on a marathon. You're not supposed to be ... There's certain level of exertion you need to control yourself. You can't go there. Just because you're not hitting the splits, you can try to throw a little bit more at it, but it's gonna self destruct if you throw too much at it. If all of a sudden you're outta energy in running this, and keeping your split, feels like an all out effort, then guess what? The next mile, the next, next mile is gonna feel like ... It's not gonna feel very good. You're gonna end up completely falling apart. Again, you gotta give yourself permission. you gotta go off a field like, "We're slipping a little bit here. These hills are not nice, when we're gonna give ourselves permission to slip a little bit, and we're gonna do everything we can to bounce back." I think it's really easy to go on tilts. I think it's really easy, when you start losing a little to start losing a lot. You go 10 seconds off your split, and then it's like, "What's another 10 seconds? What's another 20 seconds? Who cares anymore? I'm not gonna hit my goal."

It's very easy to get discouraged, frustrated, especially if your start was throwing yourself out and getting even more tired and frustrated. But I think you gotta just keep it ... For me, it's just keep it cool, like, "A little bit slower than I woulda liked on this one, but I'm gonna bounce right back on the next one, and try to recover." And I think I knew a little bit from training. I think that's one of the fun things about marathoning is like, you're going at a speed where, in theory, you can recover, even while keeping a pretty decent clip.

Brianna

Someone told me before I ran my first marathon that you were gonna have peaks and troughs, and it was about how you rode the peaks and troughs, and if it felt really rubbish you could realistically get yourself back out the other side as long as you were smart about it. I mean, one thing I think that we haven't talked about yet, that probably plays a huge part in how you get to that point in the race is, fueling and hydration. And I mean, this is me. If this you, I can't believe we haven't talked about this yet. How did you approach the race day nutrition strategy?

Michael B.

I think it even started before race days, is very mindful of my nutrition throughout all of the training. It's been very careful to make sure I'm eating enough, make sure I'm eating high quality stuff, as well as doing certain runs intentionally in a fasted state. Waking up and not having any calories, and going for a run has its own training benefit. And really dependent on what the run was for that day. And without going into too much details, some runs I would go fasted to have that metabolic flexibility. You're running on low glycogen stores, maybe it's a 50 mile midweek run-

Brianna

Woof, 15 miles fasted. That's ...

Michael B.

Well, for me, I'm able to do it, and I know that I'm getting some benefit from doing that, but then, on another run where it's like, "Hey, you really wanna be hitting your numbers. You really want to be spending a certain amount of time at a certain quality, a certain speed.", then by all means, you gotta prepare like it's a race day, like eat well starting 24, even more hours, ahead o' time. Going out with that. When you're really trying to peak your nutrition for running performance, well, it starts a week ahead o' time. I stopped drinking caffeine a week ahead o' time to regain just caffeine sensitivity. I wanted it to work for me on race day. That's no big deal. And then 48 hours ahead o' time, stopped eating vegetables. There's no fiber. The last thing you wanna be doing is having to use the restroom during the race. It's totally solvable. You totally can eliminate the need to have to use bathroom. You just gotta know what to avoid.

No vegetables for 48 hours. Then the day before, just loading up on water and electrolytes. I'm a big fan of these salt tabs you just eat. They help you hold on to the water. It's cool, 'cause you're eating these tabs, they taste kinda nice, and you're drinking water, but you're not really going pee, which is cool. You're holding onto it. And then race day morning, I always have a plain bagel and some coffee. And then, on my way, 45, 30 minutes before the race, I'll have some carb drink. There's a lot o' good ones out there. I think for Boston I had Morton's. I really like it. And then I have a full bottle of ketones at that same time, and just get double loaded up on ketones and carbs. Getting this really good position around half an hour for. And then with me, for Boston, I had six GU packs with me, 100 calories of carbs, a mix of types of sugars, so they can be digested in parallel. And then, I had a little pouch for a bottle o' ketone at the halfway mark.

Brianna

Oh, so you took another one halfway through.

Michael B.

Yeah, which is great. I'm really glad I did that.

Brianna

It's quite hard to do that on the run.

Michael B.

It's hard to do that on the run, but ... I mean, it was fine. I kept in this pouch. I got a nice little pouch that-

Brianna

It's actually for the ketones.

Michael B.

It's like a belt. It's literally special for ketones. It's like a belt that has little pouch on it, and ... I forgot about it. It doesn't feel like anything.

Brianna

It's better to carry your food than be grabbing it from aid stations, 'cause often you don't know what's gonna be on the aid station whether it's gonna agree with you, or whether you miss it or something, and, I think-

Michael B.

Or whether they run out of it. I just wouldn't ... You're paying all this time and money and stuff to be there, I wouldn't-

Brianna

Carry your own stuff.

Michael B.

Yeah, I would definitely carry your own stuff. Use other stuff as last resort. And then I would say, just have a plan. For me, it was, every four miles I was gonna hit it a GU regardless of whether you want to or not. And I always ... I mean, I know well enough to know you gotta do it early and often. So I actually I had a GU, just a loose one that I had right at the start line. And then, every four miles, regardless if you want it ... Four miles, you better not feel tired if you're a marathoner, but you also better have the GU, and you better be grabbing water at every water station.

I think by the time you feel yourself starting to bonk, or you feel thirsty, you're in big trouble. You gotta ... Even four miles in, you're already burning it faster than you're taking it in. You gotta start fighting back against it. Get some carbohydrates in your system. You're already losing water fast than you're taking it in. I don't know. I shouldn't say stop. I'd say grab water at every water station. That'd be my one advice. Don't wait till you're tired or thirsty or anything.

Brianna

It's hard to be taking water on, because each time that you're trying to drink from, they give it to you in cups mostly, and it is difficult to get as much in as you want. I mean, when I run a marathon, my first marathon, I carried a plastic bottle with me for the first hour, so that I knew that I'd have drunk at least that much, but someone gave me a great tip, which was to crush the cup that, they give you, so that you've got just a smaller spout, because always you're trying to drink, and it's going everywhere, and it's very difficult. And that's something that, again, you already get a chance to practice in training, and it's a bit of a faff to be like, "Oh, well, I'm gonna go and I'm gonna get some cups, and I'm gonna run and pick up the cup." I mean, maybe it's worth doing for people, depending on how much effort you wanna put in, but it is...

Michael B.

I've heard of that.

Brianna

...probably not worth trying it for the first time in a full marathon. Maybe at least have done it on a half marathon, or something like that. It sounds like so much thought went into so many of the details of this race, and had been one of the things getting you out of bed every morning since San Francisco. You qualified, and it's on your back of your mind, you're gonna go to Boston. All of that said and done, how did it feel to cross the finish Line?

Michael B.

It felt really gratifying. It was a sweet release, 'cause I was in a lot of pain the last few miles, where it is extremely painful. I couldn't believe it. It's like, in the beginning of the marathon, I was like, "Oh wow, they're just giving these mile markers away." It's like, you look up, and it's, "Oh, wow, mile seven, mile eight, mile nine." Its just happening very quickly. And then towards the end, it's like, "Oh my God, there's three miles between mile 21 and 22." And you know that four miles is nothing, but that last four miles, it stretches on for so long, it's hard to explain. And, there's so many people watching the fanfare along the course, and all Boston marathons is just next level, and especially once you get into the city, you're just a ... It's just a complete sensory overload. Both sides of the street, there's just a line packed with a wall o' people just screaming, and, you pick up the speed a little bit, and the audience is clapping with applause. Everyone's rooting for you.

You clap a little bit above your head, and everyone will just go crazy. Everyone's enjoying sharing the moment with you. They know that you tried really hard to be there, and they ... I think it's inspiring at some level o' the people, and it was just this wave of enthusiasm. It felt very special, I felt very lucky to be there. I knew that, not everyone gets to do that, and I knew that I was there because of, a lot of hard work on my part, but a lot of things that have happened had to happen right along the way for me to even be able to train like this, to even be able to have that time in the morning, and that stability in the home life, and the work life, and all the aspects of my life taken care of so that I'm able to do this activity. It's a lot o' gratitude I felt as I was coming down the homestretch. I really wouldn't be there without lot o' people who have helped in a lot of ways.

Brianna

Sometimes when you get special moments like that, you have to really make a real effort to hold on to them.

Michael B.

Yeah. And I think that's part of why I do it, is the creating o' memories, the deliberate act of doing something so that it will create a good memory, that will create a tent pole moment that you can reflect back on, and be like, "That's who I was when I was 30." I'm not gonna remember every day of the year, but I'll remember that day for a very long time. And that's deliberate. It's like, you're packing all these hours into this one event to make that one day just very, very standout, very special. And, I don't know. We talk a lot about self actualization or hard work being this beautiful thing that you can do, is like, "What is the purpose of life?" Think about, "What even motivates us, us, as a company to make the products that we make, and educate people about them, and get the word out." It's like, we want everyone to be the best version of themselves, and I think in a lot o' ways, in our back o' our own minds, we always think ...

I think a lot of people with a healthy sense of common sense, you think you're special in some way, and you think that you can do great things. So, it's good to actually go out there and do 'em, and get 'em on the permanent record, so that you have something tangible you can look at, and feel good about. And I think that that carries over. 'Cause I feel pretty good at marathoning right now. I mean, there's a lot o' room to grow too. I don't wanna be overconfident, but I feel pretty good at it, and that contributes to this general sense of confidence, which acts as this starter fuel to anything new. I don't know. I'm like, if I took up golf, or took up ... I don't know.

Brianna

Rowing.

Michael B.

Rowing or Japanese calligraphy or anything, there's a certain sense of confidence of, "This is gonna be hard, but I can like stick through it." I have seen myself stick through it. I can look at my own self as a role model. My own self in this other area can be a role model for myself as I approach this new area. I didn't use o know anything about marathoning and I figured it out, so how hard can this whatever new thing be? The answer is, it can be quite hard, but you're gonna be able to figure it out. And it's nice to have those things save, lie, you know you're good, because you did the thing.

Brianna

I mean, I would say that, watching your journey not last two years has been one of the most rewarding things for me as just part of the company, just the diligence, and the way that you've actually achieved the things that you've set out to do. It's been really cool to work with someone who's had that sort of ethos, and just super articulate, and a thoughtful way of keeping everything in context as well. We really appreciate you, everyone here really appreciate you, and I guess, a great question to end on will be, what's next? If we were sitting down in 12 months time, what would you wanna be reflecting on next time?

Michael B.

I've been kinda pendulum swinging between running in triathlon, and I think triathlons a great ... It's funny I called it a break, but it's ...

Brianna

It's okay. I'll do a trade. I'll do the marathon training, you can trade for my Iron Man.

Michael B.

Especially when you Iron Man training in the marathon just a sub part.

Brianna

Run a marathon, then I'll try 112 miles on the bike.

Michael B.

I just wanna work a little bit on my speed. I think it'd be fun to do half marathons for a while.

Brianna

Well, I mean, you run a 1:22 half in the first part of that marathon, so that's like ...

Michael B.

Like a PR for the half marathon.

Brianna

Not slow.

Michael B.

On the front end of that, I think it'd be fun. Also just a little bit less just hours spent training to do a half. You do you faster miles, and you do less of 'em. I think that could be good to maybe get some key half marathons on the map. And then, I mean, I wanna keep running. There's something about it. I wanna run in London, in Berlin, in Tokyo, in Chicago, in New York. There's all the major marathons. One o' the great things about marathon ... This hasn't fit in yet, but tending to answer the questions, but, it's so cool they just shut down all the streets. When else did they do that? In the New York Marathon, you get to run, was it from Queens to Staten Island over the bridge there that's normally only for cars? You can never even walk that path. And in Chicago, there's a half marathon you run on Lakeshore Drive. I think that's one o' the coolest things about these, is like how cool is it sounds just like the streets of Tokyo are shut down, and you're running through it. There's nothing that compares to it. That's I think, a big part of why it's fun to pay and go to the place, and do the things. When else are you gonna run uninterrupted, no car traffic, through that world class city. I think it just sounds like a great way to see a place. I've never been to Berlin. I would love my first trip to Berlin to be just running the marathon there. It sounds really fun.

Brianna

Wow. You made me wanna go out and run. Maybe not quite as far as a marathon right now, but ... I mean, I think, it's just so clear talking to you how much passion for, and energy you have for it. And so, I hope any of the listeners, they can find you on Twitter, and you often post about running. What's your Twitter handle?

Michael B.

It's bdm_tastemakers. And you can find me ... It's easy to find me. I'm easy to reach on H.V.M.N. website, easy to find me.

Brianna

And also on Strava. I mean, if anyone's got any questions, I know I've been involved writing an awful lot of articles about running training, and running nutrition, so all of that's also on our blog. People can check that out as well. And, hopefully, if you've galvanized anyone or inspired anyone, which I'm sure you will have done, they can go out and run their first half marathon, or marathon. And, if anyone does that, we'd love to hear from you.

Michael B.

Absolutely. Love to hear from people.

Brianna

Well, thanks so much, Michael. Happy running.

Michael B.

Thanks, Brianna.

Heart Rate Zone Training for Performance

Originally posted on HVMN and authored by Brady Holmer on July 24, 2019

Right now, you're probably reading this article, pretty relaxed, functioning at a low resting heart rate—unless you are one of those crazy multi-taskers who can workout and learn simultaneously.

As you start to exercise, your heart beats faster to deliver enough oxygen and fuel to your working muscles. The harder you work, the faster it beats; at the same time your metabolism changes to support the rate of work. Heart rate is a great and highly individual biomarker; there's a strong relationship between heart rate and intensity, and it's easily measured (unlike metabolism). The number of times your heart beats per minute provides a wealth of information—time to take advantage of it.

Table of Contents

Exercise Intensity: The Key to Peak Performance and Health Benefits

Using Heart Rate to Measure Training Intensity

Get in the Zone

The Big Five HR Zones

Zone 1: Warmup

Zone 2: Easy, Fat Burning Zone

Zone 3: Intermediate Zone, Where the Base is Built

Zone 4: Lactate Threshold Training, Where it Starts to Burn

Zone 5: VO2 Max Training

Calculating Heart Rate Zones

Applying the Karvonen formula to calculate HR zones based on desired intensity.

Zone Distribution: How Much Should You Train in Each?

HR Zone Training is Nuanced

As an easy way to quantify energy systems, exercise physiologists and coaches have developed what are now known as heart rate training zones: roughly defined ranges of heart rates (as a percent of max) where certain adaptations can be expected to occur. The goals of any workout can be expressed in terms of a training zone. You use these like a dashboard meters that show what's going on under the hood. With only a little effort, you can start to fine tune your training, targeting specifics to boost your adaptations and get the most bang for your buck...or your heart beat.

Exercise Intensity: The Key to Peak Performance and Health Benefits

Athletes can manipulate three key training variables: frequency, time (or duration), and intensity. Of these, exercise intensity is the most important for performance, weight loss, cardiovascular fitness, and health adaptations to exercise. Intensity is also important for a multitude of other reasons: measuring recovery, planning easy days, formulating a training plan, and meeting fitness goals.

Intensity governs outcome. One classic 1995 study showed the amount of time spent at a vigorous training intensity was associated with lower all-cause mortality.1 Time spent at a low training intensity showed no such correlation. The same may apply to athletes. How hard (or how easy) you spend your training time might be more important than what you spend that time doing.

But how do you know how hard to work?

Using Heart Rate to Measure Training Intensity

Intensity, in relation to exercise, can refer to speed, power, energy expenditure, perceived exertion, percent of lactate threshold, or heart rate. Each of these measures, in their own way, is a proxy for the amount of ATP (energy) our body converts to mechanical energy so we can run, bike, swim, or fight. Intensity measures how much energy we use to perform a certain task.

Heart rate is easy to measure, possibly the best understood and often, the most applied for athletes. HR corresponds perfectly with physiology; when measured during exercise, it can indicate coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption (how much energy your heart uses).2Additionally, measuring HR is more accessible than power or speed, a more exact measurement than perceived exertion (RPE), and is highly reflective of your status on any one particular day. HR can change with illness, stress, and heck–even thinking about lunch.

Measuring HR during exercise to assess training intensity is the most well accepted and practical method for most athletes. Usually, all it requires is a heart rate monitor.

In addition to exercise intensity, HR can help measure recovery and monitor training load to avoid overtraining. Quantifying your training is just as important as nutrition, recovery, and mental prep. Without quantifying intensity, how do you expect to get better?

Perhaps most importantly, measuring HR during exercise is the best way to individualize training. Exercise based on HR intensity is all relative–your 80% is different than your running buddy’s 80%. Your target heart rate is specific to you, and your training program should be as well.

Get in the Zone

Glancing at a number of “beats per minute” on your heart rate monitor during a workout might not seem to hold any useful information. As a number alone, it doesn’t. What’s important is what your particular HR tells you about objective effort. Where are you in relation to your max capacity? Heart rate can tell you what energy systems you’re using during exercise, and accordingly, what adaptations you’ll get out of the workout.

When we say energy systems, we mean the three main pathways to generate energy during exercise. These are: the phosphagenic (ATP-PCr) system, the glycolytic system, and the oxidative system.

For max-intensity exercise (think, sprints or super heavy lifts that last under 15 seconds), we use the phosphagenic system to generate ATP. For high-intensity efforts lasting under two minutes, the glycolytic (anaerobic) system predominates. For all other aerobic-based efforts over two minutes, the oxidative system makes our energy through mitochondrial respiration. While we always use a combination of these systems, different exercise intensities will rely primarily on one system over the others to use metabolic substrates such as carbohydrates or fats for energy.

Zones were created to give athletes a vague idea of if they’re “in” or “out” of a certain adaptation or recovery window.

The theory goes: craft your training plan around the different zones to create an intelligent training program destined for success.

It is important to know that heart rate training zones are not identical for each athlete. They may vary widely among athletes due to individual variation in physiology, cardiovascular fitness, and even diet. Nor are training zones rigidly defined. Athletes aren’t zone switching robots, neatly switching between different zones. It’s more of a continuum.

Why use zones to train? Athletes don’t (and shouldn’t) train at the same intensity from day to day, workout to workout. Manipulating the most important variable (intensity) is crucial to boost your fitness level over time, avoid a plateau, and stay healthy.

The Big Five HR Zones

Each HR zone serves a specific purpose. Depending on the coach or textbook you consult, zones may differ slightly. Again, these zones are suggestions that correlate fairly well with physiology.

Zone 1: Warmup

Intensity: 50% - 70% HR max

Colloquially described as “very light,” you could probably continuously exercise for 1 - 6 hours in zone one. Light warm-ups, cooldowns, and recovery between sets should take place in this zone, in which fat burning is the primary energy source.

Some athletes might avoid this zone for fear of losing speed, teaching the body slow movements, or otherwise wasting time. But training time spent here is important. Warming up at 60% - 70% of max has been shown to improve range of motion and enhance performance on anaerobic capacity tests compared to a warm-up at 80%.3

This intensity is vital for recovery too. Active recovery between intervals decreases blood lactate concentrations at high anaerobic power outputs compared to passive (i.e. standing) recovery.4 Use zone one for active recovery during workout sessions like high-intensity interval training (HIIT).

Does the thought of an heart-rate revving HIIT session fill you with existential angst? Have no fear. Exercise in a low-intensity zone one also has cardioprotective benefits, promoting clearance of disease-related lipids in the blood vessels and enhancing your ability to burn fat, among other health-enhancing properties.

Zone 2: Easy, Fat Burning Zone

Intensity: 71% - 80% HR max

The bulk of your training should occur in zone two. Here, you should be able to talk with your running buddy; it’s commonly called “conversation pace.” Zone two training should still be fairly relaxed, but not as easy as the zone one. Zone two utilizes the oxidative system to produce energy, churning through a mix of fats and carbohydrates to produce the ATP you need.

Zone two running is sufficient to increase blood circulation and trigger growth hormone responses, but not hard enough to cause considerable muscle damage or deplete your energy or fluid stores rapidly. A longer workout or race (say, two hours or more) in this area however, and you’ll begin to run low on some stored glycogen.

Zone two is great for the majority of your LSD (long, slow distance) runs and your recovery runs on easy days. Running in zone two for recovery might actually enhance adaptations more than your post-run protein shake and nap on the couch. After a highly-damaging and stressful rugby match, players experienced lower levels of psychological stress and higher post-match relaxation when they completed 15 minutes of active recovery at zone two intensity.5

Like zone one, you should be able to pretty much churn away in zone two all day long, and perhaps even longer if using nutrition strategies like exogenous ketones like H.V.M.N. Ketone. H.V.M.N. Ketone boosts blood-ketone levels of beta-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) and enables the body to use both carbohydrates and ketones for energy–offering superior endurance performance than either used alone. When taken with pre-exercise carbohydrates, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) allowed cyclists to ride 2% - 3% further in a 30-minute time trial than with carbohydrate alone. This is likely due to the combo of high-efficiency ketones that improved muscle efficiency and the presence of ketones sparing muscle carbohydrate stores for the next exercise bout.6

Zone 3: Intermediate Zone, Where the Base is Built

Intensity: 81% - 87% HR max

Zone three is where you enter subjectively moderate exercise intensities but still stay in the aerobic zone. Here, the body is probably using a 50/50 mix of carbohydrates and fats to fuel muscle contraction. The relative percentage depends on your individual metabolism and diet—you can skew your energy use towards fat by following a low carbohydrate, high fat diet.

Some runners and athletes refer to zone three as a “grey zone” between a slow, easy distance and harder interval or race pace workouts. Moderate intensity training (around 85% HR max) has been shown to have a large benefit on V02 max. Zone three is fantastic for building that strong, aerobic endurance base.7
Zone 4: Lactate Threshold Training, Where it Starts to Burn

Intensity: 88% - 93% HR Max

In zone four, we’ve now transitioned to hard running. This heart rate zone corresponds to around lactate threshold; the point where the body begins to anaerobically generate ATP and produce more lactate than it can clear out or use. While still aerobic, in zone four you’ll experience some burning in the legs and shortness of breath.

A majority of longer intervals are performed in zone four, used to improve lower end speed, muscular endurance, and anaerobic threshold.

Tempo runs are an example of workouts completed in zone four; they’re hard, but manageable for a decent duration. Tempo runs are also excellent for teaching your body to tolerate lactic acid.

Training at an intensity around zone four has been shown to be effective for increasing the speed at lactate threshold and improving running performance compared to moderate training in cross country skiers.8Adding one 20-minute session of zone four training to an endurance running program increased enzymes responsible for lactate clearance and improved running economy.9

Zone 5: VO2 Max Training

Intensity: 95% - 100+% HR max

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is popular for good reason. HIIT is a training regimen with proven benefits above and beyond most other exercise modes and intensities. Be careful; zone five training requires lots of recovery and can’t be done too often without risking overtrainingor injury. In addition, maxing out on effort doesn’t always mean you’ll reach theoretical “maximum” heart rate. Short bursts at max effort may take your breath away, but may not get you into zone 5; still, they still qualify as max training.

In zone five, the body primarily relies on carbohydrate oxidation for exercise and the glycolysis pathway predominates. The intensity of zone five exceeds lactate threshold, requires longer recovery periods during the workout, and sure does hurt.

Athletes training in this zone look to improve muscle strength, high-end speed, and lactate threshold, along with maybe a bit of endurance.

Zone five training typically involves brief, intermittent, all-out efforts (emphasis on brief). An example of the training benefits? Just 30 seconds of “max effort cycling (in zone five) with 60 seconds of recovery over just 14 days improved muscle oxidative capacity, muscle buffering capacity, glycogen content, and exercise performance.10

HIIT consistently is shown to improve V02 max, blood pressure, fasting glucose, body composition parameters, and blood pressure measures in overweight and even healthy populations. Sprint interval training, HIIT’s faster cousin, has been shown to result in increases in peak power output, glycolytic enzyme activity, cycling time trial performance, and carbohydrate oxidation.11,12

If we could train in zone five all of the time with no downside, it would be the way to go. High-intensity exercise is just plain efficient compared to the lower zones. However, polarized training is a necessity for all athletes; so only a small total percent of training should occur in zone five.

Calculating Heart Rate Zones

The first step to finding your heart rate zones is figuring out your maximum heart rate—the fastest speed at which your heart is capable of beating to deliver blood throughout the body.

You can find maximum heart rate several ways. The most accurate is to have a graded exercise test to exhaustion (commonly referred to as a V02 max test) in a lab. But this can be costly.

The second most accurate way is to perform a field test. This involves some type of maximal workout to exhaustion while measuring HR every so often. When maxed out, whatever number your heart rate monitor displays is probably somewhere close to your max.

This one is easy to try. Start by running a mile or two warm-up, then one mile at tempo pace. During the last third of that mile, you should constantly increase speed, then run the final 400m all out. Record your HR afterwards. Athletes of all types can do this one, shortening the distance if necessary.

A less taxing way? Several online calculators exist. Most calculators use a validated prediction equation to calculate estimated max heart rate. One frequently used is:

HR max = 207 - .7 x (age)

After calculating maximum HR, determining HR training zones is easy.

Applying the Karvonen formula to calculate HR zones based on desired intensity.

The Karvonen formula uses a number known as heart rate reserve (HRR) to calculate your exercise heart rate at given intensity (%). HRR is the difference between max and resting heart rate.

HRR = HRmax - HRrest

The Karvonen formula:

Exercise HR = % of target intensity (HRmax - HRrest) + HRrest

To use the Karvonen formula to calculate a HR zone, simply use the upper and lower bounds of a zone to calculate two numbers; this range will be the zone to stay in during the workout.

To calculate desired HR in zone three (81% - 87% HR max) for an athlete with a max HR of 200 and a resting HR of 54:

Exercise HR =

.81(200 - 54) + 54 = 172

.87(200 - 54) + 54 = 181

Zone three for this athlete would occur at a HR of 172 to 181 beats per minute.

Zone Distribution: How Much Should You Train in Each?

Maximizing adaptations to training is the primary goal of any athlete. How much time should you spend training in each target heart rate zone to reach your peak and prevent overtraining?

The answer can be found by taking some advice from the elites.

Successful endurance athletes often follow a polarized training pattern, sometimes referred to as the “80/20 rule” for intensity: about 80% of the total training volume is spent at an intensity below the lactate threshold, and the remaining 20% is distributed between lactate threshold and high-intensity interval training.

Studies on elite cross country skiers revealed 75% of their training sessions were performed below their first ventilatory threshold. Only about 15% - 20% of the sessions were performed as “interval training” bouts.13 High-level marathoners perform very few training sessions at marathon or half-marathon pace (close to lactate threshold), instead devoting a majority of their training volume to logging miles well below lactate threshold.14

Applying this to zone training, this would mean spending about 80% in zones one, two and three. This is observed in athletes who compete in events lasting 3 - 15 minutes–they put emphasis on long slow endurance work as the base for their training. Reserve the remaining ~20% of training for tempo runs, speed work, and HIIT.

Why this distribution? It comes back to adaptations. Low-intensity endurance training likely is best for maximizing muscular adaptations, improving efficiency, and building a strong overall base. Sprinkling in the high-intensity intervals, sprint work, and lactate threshold training meets the need for higher-level signal pathways to prime you for racing and competition.

This pattern also balances the stress-adaptation equation. Too much training at higher heart rate zones could eventually lead to burnout or overtraining.

HR Zone Training is Nuanced

While athletes and coaches may like to view training as workouts to be placed in neat little boxes, this isn't always the easiest thing to do. Using specific zones, interval times, and recovery bouts are simple ways to prescribe training on paper, but doesn’t always translate perfectly.

The same applies to zone training. Heart rate zones are simply “suggestions,” a common formula concocted through years of observation and experimentation by athletes. They correspond well to physiology, but everyone is different.

You might thrive on 80/20, while your nearest competitor might optimize performance on a training program focused on intervals and speed.

As a pervasive example, take the case of two New Zealand world champion rowers who trained together in the same boat, following the same training schedule. Over a four year Olympic cycle, one rower followed the 80/20 rule almost perfectly, performing about ~80% of his training below HR zones 1 - 3, 18% around HR zone 4, and only 1.8% above HR zone 5.

His partner? He spent 67% training in zones 1 - 3, 30% in zone 4, and 2.4% of his training at or above zone 5–utilizing a greater amount of high-intensity training. Different roads to Rio, but the same eventual outcome: a gold medal.15

One final word –your heart rate zone might change on a day-to-day basis, at least from an effort standpoint. Anything that influences heart rate, like stress, lack of recovery, even dehydration, could elevate your heart rate above what might be normal for a given workout. This isn’t a time to freak out or force a pace, but to realize HR zones are here to provide a framework, not a law. Adapt and move on.

Scientific Citations

1.Lee IM, Hsieh CC, Paffenbarger RS. Exercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. JAMA. 1995;273(15):1179-84.

2.Kitamura K, Jorgensen CR, Gobel FL, Taylor HL, Wang Y. Hemodynamic correlates of myocardial oxygen consumption during upright exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1972;32(4):516-22.

3.Stewart IB, Sleivert GG. The effect of warm-up intensity on range of motion and anaerobic performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27(2):154-61

4.Ahmaidi S, Granier P, Taoutaou Z, Mercier J, Dubouchaud H, Prefaut C. Effects of active recovery on plasma lactate and anaerobic power following repeated intensive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(4):450-6.

5.Suzuki M, Umeda T, Nakaji S, Shimoyama T, Mashiko T, Sugawara K. Effect of incorporating low intensity exercise into the recovery period after a rugby match. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(4):436-40.

6.Cox, P.J., Kirk, T., Ashmore, T., Willerton, K., Evans, R., Smith, A., Murray, Andrew J., Stubbs, B., West, J., McLure, Stewart W., et al. (2016). Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes. Cell Metabolism 24, 1-13.

7.Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M. Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Sports Med. 2015;45(10):1469-81.

8.Evertsen F, Medbø JI, Bonen A. Effect of training intensity on muscle lactate transporters and lactate threshold of cross-country skiers. Acta Physiol Scand. 2001;173(2):195-205.

9.Sjodin B, Jacobs I, Svedenhag J. Changes in onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and muscle enzymes after training at OBLA. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. (1982) 49: 45

10.Gibala MJ, Little JP, Van essen M, et al. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol (Lond). 2006;575(Pt 3):901-11.

11.Macdougall JD, Hicks AL, Macdonald JR, Mckelvie RS, Green HJ, Smith KM. Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84(6):2138-42.

12.Burgomaster KA, Heigenhauser GJ, Gibala MJ. Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(6):2041-7.

13.Seiler KS, Kjerland GØ. Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an "optimal" distribution?. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(1):49-56.

14.Billat VL, Demarle A, Slawinski J, Paiva M, Koralsztein JP. Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2089-97.

15.Plews DJ, Laursen PB. Training Intensity Distribution Over a Four-Year Cycle in Olympic Champion Rowers: Different Roads Lead to Rio. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;:1-24.

Muscle Recovery: Essential to Your Next Workout

The moment every athlete wants to avoid.

POP!

A muscle gives at the gym or on the track, leading to weeks of rehab. Sometimes it’s not even a single moment, but rather, countless hours of overuse that leads a muscle to strain or tear.

To avoid rehab, athletes need to be thinking about pre-hab. Get ahead of an injury before it happens.

Muscle recovery should be part of every training plan (specifically post-workout). But there are multiple strategies athletes can employ that lead to muscle health–even things like diet can impact how your muscles recover. Knowing what to do, and when to do it, can help avoid the injuries that’ll set you back weeks.

Optimize Running Cadence to Improve Performance

Nutrition, training, recovery. These three pillars of training are non-negotiable, and most athletes work hard to optimize them. However, there may be smaller tweaks you can make in running technique to reach higher levels of performance if you’ve hit a plateau.


Supplements for Athletes: A Nutritional Edge

Athletes need to eat.

The importance of nutrition for athletic performance has been known since the Ancient Greek Olympics. Athletes ate dried figs for muscle health and stamina and used products like deer liver and lion heart to impart bravery, speed and strength. One olympic runner even won several races following a carnivore diet.